Encephalopathy Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treamtent ~ Beauty Care

Encephalopathy Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treamtent

What is encephalopathy?

Encephalopathy is a term that means brain disease, damage, or malfunction. Encephalopathy can present a very broad spectrum of symptoms that range from mild, such as some memory loss or subtle personality changes, to severe, such as dementia, seizures, coma, or death. In general, encephalopathy is manifested by an altered mental state that is sometimes accompanied by physical manifestations (for example, poor coordination of limb movements).

The term encephalopathy is very broad and in most cases, is preceded by various terms that describe the reason, cause, or special conditions of the patient that leads to brain malfunction. For example, anoxic encephalopathy means brain damage due to lack of oxygen, and hepatic encephalopathy means brain malfunction due to liver disease. Additionally, some other terms either describe body conditions or syndromes that lead to a specific set of brain malfunctions. Examples of these are metabolic encephalopathy and Wernicke's encephalopathy (Wernicke's syndrome). There are over 150 different terms that modify or precede "encephalopathy" in the medical literature.

What causes encephalopathy?

The causes of encephalopathy are both numerous and varied.

Some examples of causes of encephalopathy include:

infections (bacteria, viruses, parasites, or prions),
anoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain),
alcohol consumption,
liver failure,
kidney failure,
metabolic diseases,
brain tumors,
many types of toxic chemicals,
alterations in pressure in the brain, and
poor nutrition.

These examples do not cover all of the potential causes of encephalopathy but are listed to demonstrate the wide range of causes.

Although numerous causes of encephalopathy are known, the majority of cases arise from several major categories:

infection,
liver damage,
anoxia, and
kidney failure.

What are the symptoms of encephalopathy?

Despite the numerous and varied causes of encephalopathy, at least one symptom present in all cases is an altered mental state. The altered mental state may be subtle and develop slowly over years (for example, in hepatitis the decreased ability to draw simple designs, termed apraxia) or be profoundly obvious and develop rapidly (for example, brain anoxia leading to coma or death in a few minutes). Often, symptoms of altered mental status can present as inattentiveness, poor judgment, or poor coordination of movements.

Other symptoms that may occur include:

lethargy,
dementia,
seizures,
tremors,
muscle twitching, and
coma.

Often the severity and type of symptoms are related to the severity and cause of the brain disease or damage. For example, alcohol-induced liver damage (alcoholic cirrhosis) can result in involuntary hand tremors (asterixis), while severe anoxia (lack of oxygen) may result in coma with no movement.

How is encephalopathy diagnosed?

The diagnosis of encephalopathy is usually done by clinical tests done during the physical examination (mental status tests, memory tests, coordination tests) that document an altered mental state. With most cases, findings on clinical tests either diagnose or presumptively diagnose encephalopathy. Usually, the diagnosis occurs when the altered mental state accompanies another primary diagnosis such as chronic liver disease, kidney failure, anoxia, or many other diagnoses.

Consequently, physicians may utilize several different tests at the same time to diagnose both the primary condition (the cause of encephalopathy) and the encephalopathy itself. This approach to diagnosis is done by most physicians, because many doctors view encephalopathy as a complication that occurs because of a primary underlying health problem. The most frequently utilized tests are listed below with some of the major primary causes the tests may help diagnose:

Complete blood count or CBC (infections, loss of blood)
Blood pressure (high or low blood pressure)
Metabolic tests (blood levels of electrolytes, glucose, lactate, ammonia, oxygen, and liver enzyme levels)
Drugs or toxin levels (alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, and many others)
Blood and body fluid cultures and analyses (infections of many types)
Creatinine (kidney function)
CT and MRI scans (brain swelling, anatomical abnormalities, infections)
Doppler ultrasound (abnormal blood flow to tissues, abscesses)
Encephalogram or EEG (brain damage, abnormal brain wave patterns)
Auto-antibody analysis (dementia caused by antibodies that destroy neurons)

This list is not exhaustive, and not all of the above tests need to be done to reach a diagnosis; specific testing is usually ordered by the treating physician according to the symptoms and history of the patient.

What is the treatment for encephalopathy?

Treatment of encephalopathy varies with the primary cause of the symptoms; consequently, not all cases of encephalopathy are treated the same. The best treatments are designed by the treating physician once the patient's primary diagnosis is made. Treatments are highly variable because the causes are so different.

Examples can show how different "encephalopathy treatment" may change according to the cause:

Anoxia short-term (usually less than two minutes): oxygen therapy
Anoxia long- term: rehabilitation
Alcohol toxicity short- term: IV fluids or no therapy
Alcohol abuse over the long-term (cirrhosis or chronic liver failure): oral lactulose, low-protein diet, antibiotics
Uremic encephalopathy (due to kidney failure): correct the underlying physiologic cause, dialysis, kidney transplant
Diabetic encephalopathy: glucose to treat hypoglycemia, removal of blood glucose to treat hyperglycemia
Hypo- or hypertensive encephalopathy: raise (for hypotensive) or reduce (for hypertensive) blood pressure

The key to treatment of any encephalopathy is to understand the basic cause and thus design a treatment scheme to reduce or eliminate the cause(s). There is one type of encephalopathy that is difficult or impossible to treat; it is static encephalopathy (an altered mental state or brain damage that is permanent). The best that can be done with static encephalopathy is, if possible, to prevent further damage and implement rehabilitation to allow the individual to perform at their highest possible functional level.

What are the complications of encephalopathy?

Complications of encephalopathy vary from none to profound mental impairments that lead to death. The complications can be similar in some cases. Also, many investigators consider encephalopathy to be a complication that arises from a primary health problem or primary diagnosis.

Complications depend on the primary cause of encephalopathy and can be illustrated by citing a few examples from the wide variety of causes:

Hepatic (liver) encephalopathy (brain swelling with herniation, coma, death)
Metabolic encephalopathy (irritability, lethargy, depression, tremors; occasionally coma or death )
Anoxic encephalopathy (wide range of complications, from none in short-term anoxia to personality changes, severe brain damage to death in long- term anoxic events)
Uremic encephalopathy (lethargy, hallucinations, stupor, muscle twitching, seizures, death)
Hashimoto's encephalopathy (confusion, heat intolerance, dementia)
Wernicke's encephalopathy (mental confusion, memory loss, decreased ability to move eyes)
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "Mad Cow disease" (ataxia, dementia and myoclonus or muscle twitching without any rhythm or pattern)
Shigella encephalopathy (headache, stiff neck, delirium, seizures, coma)
Infectious causes of pediatric encephalopathy (irritability, poor feeding, hypotonia or floppy baby syndrome, seizures, death)

The best way to understand potential complications is to discuss these with the diagnosing doctor who can discuss the possible problems associated with the specific cause(s) of the type of encephalopathy.

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What is the prognosis (outlook) for encephalopathy?

The prognosis for a patient with encephalopathy depends on the initial causes and, in general, the length of time it takes to reverse, stop, or inhibit those causes. Consequently, the prognosis varies from patient to patient and ranges from complete recovery to a poor prognosis that often leads to permanent brain damage or death. One good example of this highly variable prognosis are patients that get encephalopathy from hypoglycemia. If patients with hypoglycemia are given glucose at the first signs of encephalopathy (for example, irritability, mild confusion), most patients recover completely. Delays in correcting hypoglycemia (hours to days) may lead to seizures or coma which may be halted by treatment with complete or partial recovery (minimal permanent brain damage). A long delay or multiple delays in treatment can lead to a poor prognosis with extensive brain damage, coma, or death.

Although the symptoms and time frame vary widely from patient to patient and according to the initial causes of encephalopathy (see above sections for examples of causes), the prognosis of each case usually follows the pattern described in the hypoglycemic example above and depends upon the extent and rapidity with which the underlying cause is treated. The doctor or team of doctors treating the underlying cause of encephalopathy can offer the best information on the individual's prognosis.

Can encephalopathy be prevented?

Many cases of encephalopathy can be prevented. The key to prevention is to stop or limit the chance of developing any of the multitudes of causes of encephalopathy. If encephalopathy develops, the quicker the underlying cause is treated, the more likely that severe encephalopathy can be prevented.

Examples of prevention (and situations to avoid) are listed below:

Diabetic encephalopathy: take daily glucose checks and always check that insulin administration is the correct dosage.
Hepatic encephalopathy: avoid alcohol intoxication, drug overdoses, and IV injections of illegal drugs.
Anoxic encephalopathy: prevent choking on food, avoid risky behavior that could lead to head and neck trauma, avoid exposure to carbon monoxide.
Hypertensive encephalopathy: monitor blood pressure; take antihypertensive medication as directed and do not stop medications or change medication without consulting your doctor.
Infectious encephalopathy: avoid physical contact with individuals known to be infected with organisms that may cause encephalopathy such as N. meningitidis or Shigella.
Uremic encephalopathy: do not skip or avoid scheduled dialysis, take all medications as directed and have frequent assessments of mental status.

Methods for prevention of encephalopathy are about as numerous as the underlying causes; however, some cases of encephalopathy may not be preventable (for example, congenital and accidental traumatic encephalopathy).

Encephalopathy At A Glance

Encephalopathy is a general term that means brain disease, damage, or malfunction.
The major symptom of encephalopathy is an altered mental state.
The causes of encephalopathy are numerous and varied; they include infections, anoxia, metabolic problems, toxins, drugs, physiologic changes, trauma, and other causes.
Encephalopathy is often considered a complication of a primary problem such as alcoholic cirrhosis, kidney failure, or anoxia.
Early treatment of many types of encephalopathy can eliminate, reduce, or halt the symptoms of encephalopathy.
Often, cases of encephalopathy can be prevented by avoiding the many primary causes.